Heat and Cold-Related Illnesses

Cold weather can lead to dangerous conditions like frostbite and hypothermia, especially when wet clothing, wind, or prolonged exposure is involved.

1. Frostbite

Frostbite occurs when skin and underlying tissues freeze due to prolonged exposure to freezing temperatures. Fingers, toes, ears, and the nose are most vulnerable.

Signs and Symptoms:

• Numbness or tingling in the affected area.
• Skin appears white, gray, or waxy.
• In severe cases, skin feels hard or frozen.

Wilderness First Aid:

• Move to a warm, sheltered area immediately.
• Remove wet or constricting clothing and protect the frostbitten area.
• Gently warm the affected area by immersing it in warm (not hot) water, about 99–104°F (37–40°C).
• Avoid rubbing or massaging the area, as this can cause further damage.
• Seek medical attention for severe cases.

2. Hypothermia

Hypothermia occurs when the body loses heat faster than it can produce, causing the core temperature to drop dangerously low.

Signs and Symptoms:

• Shivering (may stop in severe cases).
• Watch out for the “umbles” – stumbles, fumbles, mumbles, and grumbles.
• Slurred speech, confusion, or drowsiness.
• Cold, pale skin and slow breathing.

Wilderness First Aid:

• Remove the person from cold and windy conditions.
• Replace wet clothing with dry layers.
• Provide insulation using sleeping bags, blankets, or emergency bivy sacks.
• Offer warm fluids (if the person is alert) but avoid alcohol or caffeine.
• Gradually warm the body, focusing on the core (chest and torso).
• Seek immediate medical help for moderate to severe hypothermia.